1st Amendment: Freedom of Religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition
Ratified: December 15, 1791
It guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Schenck v. United States, Whitney v. California, Near v. Minnesota,
It guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Schenck v. United States, Whitney v. California, Near v. Minnesota,
2nd amendment: bearing arms
Ratified: December 15, 1791
Each state has the right to maintain a militia, an armed force for its own protection. It guarantees the right to bear arms for protection.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876)Presser v. People of Illinois (1886)Miller v. Texas (1894)U.S. v. Miller (1939)
Each state has the right to maintain a militia, an armed force for its own protection. It guarantees the right to bear arms for protection.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876)Presser v. People of Illinois (1886)Miller v. Texas (1894)U.S. v. Miller (1939)
3rd amendment: Quartering of troops
Ratified: December 15, 1791
This amendment was intended to prevent what had been common British practice in the colonial period. it guarantees that no soldier will be quartered in any house without the owners consent.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
This amendment was intended to prevent what had been common British practice in the colonial period. it guarantees that no soldier will be quartered in any house without the owners consent.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
4th amendment: searches and seizures
Ratified: December 15, 1791
Police officers have no general right to search for or seize evidence or seize persons. except in particular circumstances, they must have a proper warrant obtained with probable cause. it is reinforced by the exclusionary rule, developed by the Supreme Court. It guarantees the protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Terry v. Ohio (1968), Florida v. Bostick (1991)
Police officers have no general right to search for or seize evidence or seize persons. except in particular circumstances, they must have a proper warrant obtained with probable cause. it is reinforced by the exclusionary rule, developed by the Supreme Court. It guarantees the protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Terry v. Ohio (1968), Florida v. Bostick (1991)
5th amendment: criminal proceedings; cue process; eminent domain
Ratified: December 15, 1791
A person can be tried for a serious federal crime only if he or she has been indicted by a grand jury. no one may be subjected to double jeopardy. all persons are protected against self-incrimination; no person can be legally compelled to answer any question in any government proceeding if that answer could lead to that persons prosecution.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Hiibel vs. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
A person can be tried for a serious federal crime only if he or she has been indicted by a grand jury. no one may be subjected to double jeopardy. all persons are protected against self-incrimination; no person can be legally compelled to answer any question in any government proceeding if that answer could lead to that persons prosecution.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Hiibel vs. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
6th amendment: criminal proceedings
Ratified: December 15, 1791
A person accused of crime has he right to be tried in court without undue delay and by an important jury. the defendant must be informed of the charge upon which he or she is to tried, has the right to cross-examine hostile witnesses, and has the right to require the testimony of favorable witnesses. the defendant also has the right to be represented by an attorney at every stage in the criminal process.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Bruton vs. United States, Smith vs. Illinois
A person accused of crime has he right to be tried in court without undue delay and by an important jury. the defendant must be informed of the charge upon which he or she is to tried, has the right to cross-examine hostile witnesses, and has the right to require the testimony of favorable witnesses. the defendant also has the right to be represented by an attorney at every stage in the criminal process.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Bruton vs. United States, Smith vs. Illinois
7th amendment: civil trials
Ratified: December 15, 1791
This amendment applies only to civil cases heard in federal courts. a civil case does not include criminal matters; it is a dispute between private parties or between the government and a private party. the right to trial by jury is guaranteed in any civil case in a federal court if the amount of money involved in that case exceeds $20, that right may be waived.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Tull v. United States, Felter v. Columbia Pictures Television Inc.
This amendment applies only to civil cases heard in federal courts. a civil case does not include criminal matters; it is a dispute between private parties or between the government and a private party. the right to trial by jury is guaranteed in any civil case in a federal court if the amount of money involved in that case exceeds $20, that right may be waived.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Tull v. United States, Felter v. Columbia Pictures Television Inc.
8TH AMENDMENT: punishment FOR CRIMES
Ratified: December 15, 1791
Guarantees that punishments will be fair, and not cruel, and that extraordinarily large fines will not be set.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: United States v. Salerno, Waters-Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas
Guarantees that punishments will be fair, and not cruel, and that extraordinarily large fines will not be set.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: United States v. Salerno, Waters-Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas
9th amendment: non-enumerated rights retained by people
Ratified: December 15, 1791
Intended to make clear that individuals have other fundamental rights, in addition to those listed in the First through Eighth Amendments.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Griswold v. Connecticut
Intended to make clear that individuals have other fundamental rights, in addition to those listed in the First through Eighth Amendments.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Griswold v. Connecticut
10th amendment: Powers reserved to the states
Ratified: December 15, 1791
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the State respectively, or to the people.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Bond v. United States
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the State respectively, or to the people.
Some court cases that challenged this amendment: Bond v. United States